Phys.org

National security officials are “overwhelmingly overconfident,” which hinders their ability to accurately assess uncertainty, according to new research by a Dartmouth government professor. When they thought statements had a 90% chance of being true, the statements were only true about 60% of the time, according to the study.

Cellular membrane proteins play many important roles throughout the body, including transporting substances in and out of the cell, transmitting signals, speeding up reactions and helping neighboring cells stick together. When they malfunction, it can cause serious diseases including cancer, making them attractive drug targets. But understanding how membrane proteins behave and function can be challenging because their position within the cell’s lipid membrane—a tightly-packed double layer of fat-like molecules—makes them difficult to study.

Human tutoring and computer-based AI tutors are widely recognized for their effectiveness in supporting learning. However, human tutoring is expensive and difficult to scale, and AI tutors vary widely in their ability to adapt to students’ academic and motivational needs. In a new study, a team of researchers has evaluated a year-long virtual human-AI tutoring program during classroom use of AI tutors. Students tutored in the program outperformed students tutored by AI alone.

Abdominal pain is a hallmark of many digestive disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. In an effort to develop targeted treatments for gut pain, scientists have discovered a new enzyme in gut bacteria and are using nanoparticles to deliver drugs inside cells.

A new discovery about how cutting onions ejects pungent aerosols up to two-thirds of a meter into the air has led to practical advice for reducing the spray: Cut onions slowly with a sharpened blade or coat an onion in oil before cutting.

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is Earth’s largest oceanic current, circling around Antarctica from west to east in alignment with Earth’s rotation. This cold ocean current is driven primarily by the westerly wind drift. Connecting the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, the ACC is critical for global heat transport, the carbon cycle and the interoceanic exchanging of nutrients. The ACC thus influences the regional and the global climate, and impacts biodiversity.

Public water systems in the U.S. were far less likely to report suspiciously rounded lead levels after the Flint, Michigan water crisis drew national outrage and federal scrutiny, according to new research led by the University of Massachusetts Amherst.